SLO
Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma) novodobna rastlina za proizvodnjo trajnostnega biodizla.
Svetovna proizvodnja biogoriv od leta 2000 konstantno raste. Biogoriva danes zagotavljajo 3 % vsega goriva, ki se ga uporablja v cestnem prometu. Energija je pomemben gospodarski dejavnik pri pridelavi, predelavi in prevozu kmetijskih pridelkov, ki se jih uporablja za prehrano ljudi in živali. Zmanjševanja rezerv fosilnih goriv in ogljikov davek, povečuje stroške fosilnih goriv, ki se odraža ob nenehnem višanju cen naftnih derivatov na bencinskih postajah. Iskanje alternativnih goriv, ki obljubljajo varčevanje z energijo, učinkovitostjo varstvo okolja in trajnostni razvoj je bistvenega pomena. Danes so poljščine; koruza, oljna repica, sladkor in razna rastlinska in živalska maščobna olja, glavni vir pri proizvodnji biodizla. Povečana uporaba teh t.i. zelenih goriv je glavni krivec za naraščajoče cene hrane in nestanovitnost cen ter pospešeno širitev kmetijstva v tropih.
Smotrnost proizvodnje biodizla se v prihodnosti kaže v »novih« rastlinah ko so:
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Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma),
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Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata),
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Castor (Ricinus communis).
Uporaba teh rastlin za proizvodnjo biodizla nima neposrednega učinka na dvigovanje cen hrane, ki so največkrat posledica uporabe kmetijskih površin, katera se namenjajo gojenju energetskih rastlin za proizvodnjo biodizla. Te »nove« rastline se lahko gojijo na obrobnih zemljiščih v podnebnih razmerah Azije, Afrike in J. Amerike. S tem lahko zagotovimo vzpostavitev trajnostne biodizelske industrije, ki za svoje potrebe po gojenju novodobnih rastlin za proizvodnjo biodizla ne posega po površinak kmetijskih zemljišč, ki so v prvi vrsti namenjene za pridelavo hrane. Trajnostna biodizelska proizvodnja bi bila sposobnejša upravljati ekonomsko uspešne in donosne dejavnosti, ki bodo odpornejši na nihanja cen fosilnih goriv, vladne politike glede obnovljivih virov energije in zmanjšanje emisij ogljika.
Z nadaljnjimi raziskavami se že razvija druga generacija t.i. trajnostne biodizelske proizvodnje, ki ima nižje vstopne vložke. V iskanju novih okolju prijaznih goriv, ima uporaba olja iz rastline Moringa (za biodizel) dokazano, tehnične in ekološke koristi, in je priložnost za razvoj kmetijstva v sušnih in obubožanih območij tropskega in sub-tropskega območa. Strokovnjaki v centru za promocijo jatrofa in biodizlal (CJP) raziskujejo, kako bi najbolje izkoristili celotno rastlino za praktične namene in »odpadke«, ki nastanejo v proizvodnji biodizla. Raziskujejo več opcij uporabe (v kmetijstvu, farmaciji, oljne pogače, biodisel…).
Semena Moringe imajo visoko vsebnost olja (40%). Olje je odlične kakovosti, podobno kot oljčno olje, s to prednostjo, da olje Moringe kasneje postane žarko. Uporablja se lahko kot kuhinjsko olje, kot gorivo za luči v državah v razvoju, oljna pogača pa se lahko uporabi kot hiter in enostaven način za čiščenje umazane rečne vode. Oljna pogača vsebuje visoke vrednosti beljakovin in je odličen dodatek pri živalski prehrani, pogača je tudi dobro gnojilo, ki se ga da uporabiti na vrtu ali na njivah.
Največji potencial gojenja Moringe je trenutno gojenje za proizvodnjo biodizla, saj ima visoke hektarski donose in ne konkurira rastlinam, ki se uporabljajo za hrano. Hektarski donose strokov, ki se uporabijo za proizvodnjo biodizla = 20 T (letno). Če ta pridelek preračunamo v litre pridobljenega biodizla / ha se ta količina giblje med 3.000 in 4.000 litrov biodizla/ha (letno).
Drevo Moringa izvira iz Indije, gojijo pa jo v tropskih in subtropskih regijah po vsej Aziji, Afriki in Južni Ameriki. V ZDA jo gojijo tudi kot okrasno drevo. Drevesa Moringe lahko gojimo na obrobnih in neproduktivnih zemljiščih. Izziv proizvodnje biodisla iz dreves Moringe je da ga izkoristimo na okolijsko in gospodarsko primeren način ob tem pa ne posegamo po površinah, ki so namenjena za gojenje hrane. Drevo, ni občutljivo na visoke temperature in lahko prenese tudi rahel mraz. Ker ima globok koreninski sistem je odporno tudi na območja z manj padavinami in lažje prenaša krajša sušna obdobja.
Za boljši jutri neomejenega vira Moringe ne smemo zanemariti.
ENG
Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma) can fulfill global biodiesel demand
Native to Asia, economically-viable Moringa can contribute to the ever-growing energy needs across the globe
GLOBAL BIOFUEL PRODUCTION has grown sevenfold since 2000, and today biofuels provide three per cent of road fuel transport by energy basis. Energy is a major economic factor in production, processing and transportation of agricultural crops which form the staple diet of a large proportion of our people. Therefore, fossil fuel oil reserves will deplete in time and carbon tax, imposed worldwide on fossil fuels, will increase the cost of these fuels. The search for alternative fuels which promise energy conservation, efficiency, environmental protection and sustainable development is subsequently on. To date, food crops like corn, sugar, and vegetable oil have been the primary source of biodiesels for transportation, but increased use of these fuels has also created rising food prices and food price volatility, and accelerated expansion of agriculture in the tropics. Future biodiesel production should be sourced from crop feedstocks such as Moringa, Pongamia and Castor that can be grown on marginal land under ideal climatic conditions in Asia, Africa and America.
Highly valued by the ancient Roman, Greek and Egyptian civilizations, the economically- viable Moringa can contribute to the ever- growing energy needs across the globe. This will ensure establishment of a sustainable biodiesel industry that will not compete for land and other resources with the rest of the agricultural sector that produces food and fibre. In addition, sustainable biodiesel production will rely significantly on the capacity to run economically viable and profitable operations that will be resilient to fluctuations in fossil and non-fossil fuel prices, and government policies in relation to renewable energy and carbon emission reductions. With years of continuing research, experiments and trials has provided an adage to find and develop sustainable second- generation biodiesel feedstock with low cost input technology. In the search for more environmentally-friendly fuels, the use of Moringa oil as ‘biodiesel’ has proven to have technical and ecological benefits, and stands as an opportunity for agricultural development in arid and impoverished areas throughout the tropics and sub-tropics globally. Besides
reducing life-cycle emissions because of its high oil content (40 per cent), Moringa has relatively high crop yield and no competition with food crops. The Moringa tree is native to India and grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions across Asia, Africa and South America. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in the US. Moringa investors and crop research institutes are continuously studying modern high-yielding varieties developed by breeding programmes, under ideal climatic conditions. Experts at Center for Jatropha Promotion & Biodiesel (CJP) are pursuing the unique suitability of all parts of the plant for a wide range of practical purposes ranging from agricultural to medicinal to fuel.
Uses The seeds contain about 35–40 per cent oil. This oil is of excellent quality, similar to olive oil, and is slow to become rancid. It is used as a fuel for cooking purposes and burnt for light in developing countries. The press-cake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to retain the active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity as a flocculent. It can be used as a quick and simple method for cleaning dirty river water in developing countries.
In fact, Moringa oleifera has been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing suspended solids from turbid water. It can also be used to harvest algae from waste water, currently an expensive process using centrifuges. The press-cake also contains high levels of protein and makes an excellent stockfeed or a good fertilizer for use in agriculture.
Carbon Credit Life cycle analysis of biodiesel produced from Moringa showed that the greenhouse gases emissions were reduced by 90 per cent when compared to petroleum diesel. Given the widespread presence and ease of cultivation of the Moringa oil plant it could be cultivated in conjunction with subsistence agriculture programmes as a potential oilseed feedstock for biodiesel.
Moringa as a source of biodiesel The oil from the Moringa tree is a more sustainable biodiesel feedstock as it can yield both food and fuel. The greatest potential for this species is currently thought to be in its cultivation for the production of biodiesel. Yields of about 20 metric tonnes of pods per
hectare per year are achievable for this species. This would equate to between 3,000 and 4,000 liters of biodiesel per hectare per annum. It is particularly desirable because it is a very low water-use crop and may be cultivated on marginal land commercially.
Moringa and ILUC discussion Moringa does not cause indirect land use change (ILUC). On the contrary, Moringa is targeted for marginal lands which are unproductive.
Biodiesel can make a large contribution to the world’s future energy requirements; Moringa is a resource we cannot ignore. The challenge is to harness it on an environmentally and economically manner and without compromising food security. This tree is a suitable candidate as it grows worldwide in the tropics and sub- tropics, but will tolerate higher temperature extremes and can survive a light frost. It also tolerates a wide range of soil and rainfall conditions. Presence of a long taproot makes it resistant to periods of drought.
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